Given previous research on depression, history of physical abuse, family order, attachment, and parenting, we hypothesized that the physical abuse-depression relationship would be moderated by (a) family order and (b) attachment, and that (c) attachment and family order would interact significantly in predicting depression. Hypotheses were tested in South Korea in a random cluster sample of 82 youth aged 15-25 who were either themselves North Korean refugees (n= 39) or who were born to North Korean refugee mothers in China (n= 43). A qualitative interview was used to shed further light on the findings. Family order appears to be a protective factor against depression in that more order is associated with a weakened past abuse-depression relationship. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Family order Depression History of physical abuse Attachment North Korean refugees

South Korea depression Republic of Korea refugee regression analysis North Korean Democratic People's Republic of Korea sex ratio human risk assessment Refugees violence statistics and numerical data family order ethnology qualitative research physical abuse interview Young Adult Humans psychology Adolescent Interviews as Topic male female Socioeconomic Factors risk factor socioeconomics North Korea Parent-Child Relations human trafficking Article major clinical study Child Abuse adult family relation Sex Distribution disease association emotional attachment child parent relation