Working with people who have experienced multiple traumas prior to receiving a HIV positive diagnosis, which may have been contracted as a consequence of sexual assault in the context of political violence, has challenged me. This article is my attempt to share learning about the importance of understanding distress in context, whether that is socio-political, gender related, religious or cultural.

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violence patient care distress syndrome social aspect politics refugee mental health service cultural factor Human immunodeficiency virus infection family counseling religion gender Article sexual crime multiple trauma human Learning