Objective: Most refugees live in low-income countries. There is a lack of data on psychiatric disability among such refugees. The authors compared psychiatric disability in tortured and nontortured Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal and examined factors associated with psychiatric disability among the tortured refugees. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 418 tortured and 392 nontortured Bhutanese refugees, matched for age and gender. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 2.1, and the World Health Organization Short Disability Assessment Schedule were used to measure ICD-10 psychiatric disorders and disability, respectively. Results: Approximately one in five tortured and nontortured Bhutanese refugees were found to be disabled. Posttraumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, and present physical disease were identified as factors associated with disability among the tortured refugees. On the other hand, present physical disease, greater age, and generalized anxiety disorder were associated with disability among the nontortured group. Conclusions: These findings show that the tortured and nontortured refugees were equally likely to be disabled. Different sets of predictors were identified among tortured and nontortured refugees, indicating the need for comprehensive psychiatric assessment of both tortured and nontortured refugees in clinical practice.

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refugee Disabled Persons human risk assessment Life Change Events Refugees Odds Ratio middle aged Survivors Ethnic Groups controlled study priority journal Aged Bhutan physical disease Mental Disorders Cross-Sectional Studies mental disease Humans male environmental factor female prediction risk factor Review Psychiatric Status Rating Scales major clinical study adult posttraumatic stress disorder generalized anxiety disorder Nepal disease association Disability Evaluation Torture