Aims: Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for neurodevelopment. Fish is a major source of these essential nutrients. We asked whether a nation’s fish consumption is associated with its pupils’ PISA scores as measures of school achievement, independent of economic status and breastfeeding. Method (Design and Setting): This was a regression analytic study based on published data. Results: Data on fish consumption and PISA scores were available for 64 countries. A significant regression model explained 72% of the variance in PISA scores. Breastfeeding does not enter the model. After controlling for technical and/or economic development, a nation’s fish consumption remains a significant predictor, explaining an additional 4% of the variance. Discussion: This effect is likely due to the fact that fish, as the major source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for a population, is important for the omega-3 supply to mothers and the early neurodevelopment of their children. Conclusions: Fish consumption, as a proxy for a population’s omega-3 supply, is an independent predictor of pupils’ school achievement, in addition to a nation’s economic development. © Author(s) 2017.

Omega-3 PUFAs PISA fish consumption school achievement

educational status human statistics and numerical data Internationality international cooperation student Humans female pregnancy Students nervous system Fatty Acids, Omega-3 growth, development and aging Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena maternal nutrition omega 3 fatty acid Child Development Seafood sea food Child