Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

The Lancet
Volume 392, Issue 10159, 2018, Pages 1995-2051

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (Article) (Open Access)

Murray C.J.L.* , Callender C.S.K.H. , Kulikoff X.R. , Srinivasan V. , Abate D. , Abate K.H. , Abay S.M. , Abbasi N. , Abbastabar H. , Abdela J. , Abdelalim A. , Abdel-Rahman O. , Abdi A. , Abdoli N. , Abdollahpour I. , Abdulkader R.S. , Abebe H.T. , Abebe M. , Abebe Z. , Abebo T.A. , Abejie A.N. , Aboyans V. , Abraha H.N. , Abreu D.M.X. , Abrham A.R. , Abu-Raddad L.J. , Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E. , Accrombessi M.M.K. , Acharya P. , Adamu A.A. , Adebayo O.M. , Adedeji I.A. , Adekanmbi V. , Adetokunboh O.O. , Adhena B.M. , Adhikari T.B. , Adib M.G. , Adou A.K. , Adsuar J.C. , Afarideh M. , Afshin A. , Agarwal G. , Agesa K.M. , Aghayan S.A. , Agrawal S. , Ahmadi A. , Ahmadi M. , Ahmed M.B. , Ahmed S. , Aichour A.N. , Aichour I. , Aichour M.T.E. , Akanda A.S. , Akbari M.E. , Akibu M. , Akinyemi R.O. , Akinyemiju T. , Akseer N. , Alahdab F. , Al-Aly Z. , Alam K. , Alebel A. , Aleman A.V. , Alene K.A. , Al-Eyadhy A. , Ali R. , Alijanzadeh M. , Alizadeh-Navaei R. , Aljunid S.M. , Alkerwi A. , Alla F. , Allebeck P. , Almasi A. , Alonso J. , Al-Raddadi R.M. , Alsharif U. , Altirkawi K. , Alvis-Guzman N. , Amare A.T. , Ammar W. , Anber N.H. , Andrei C.L. , Androudi S. , Animut M.D. , Ansari H. , Ansha M.G. , Antonio C.A.T. , Appiah S.C.Y. , Aremu O. , Areri H.A. , Arian N. , Ärnlöv J. , Artaman A. , Aryal K.K. , Asayesh H. , Asfaw E.T. , Asgedom S.W. , Assadi R. , Atey T.M.M. , Atique S. , Atteraya M.S. , Ausloos M. , Avokpaho E.F.G.A. , Awasthi A. , Ayala Quintanilla B.P. , Ayele Y. , Ayer R. , Ayuk T.B. , Azzopardi P.S. , Babalola T.K. , Babazadeh A. , Badali H. , Badawi A. , Bali A.G. , Banach M. , Barker-Collo S.L. , Bärnighausen T.W. , Barrero L.H. , Basaleem H. , Bassat Q. , Basu A. , Baune B.T. , Baynes H.W. , Beghi E. , Behzadifar M. , Bekele B.B. , Belachew A.B. , Belay A.G. , Belay E. , Belay S.A. , Belay Y.A. , Bell M.L. , Bello A.K. , Bennett D.A. , Bensenor I.M. , Bergeron G. , Berhane A. , Berman A.E. , Bernabe E. , Bernstein R.S. , Bertolacci G.J. , Beuran M. , 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^a Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^b Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^c Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^d Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^e Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
^f Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
^g Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ethiopia
^h Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
ⁱ Department of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^j School of Pharmacy, United States
^k Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
^l Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, Department of Oncology, Iran
^m Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran
ⁿ Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
^o Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
^p Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
^q College of Health Sciences, Iran
^r Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ethiopia
^s Human Nutrition Department, Ethiopia
^t College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethiopia
^u Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
^v Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France, Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
^w Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Iran
^x Education Center in Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
^y Department of Pediatrics, United States
^z Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
^a Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
^b Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin
^c Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal
^d Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
^e Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
^f Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
^g School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
^h Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
ⁱ School of Public Health, United States
^j Nepal Health Research Environment, Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal, Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
^k Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
^l Ivorian Association for Family Welfare, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
^m Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
ⁿ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^o Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^p Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
^q Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^r Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia, Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia
^s Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India, Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India
^t Department of Anesthesiology, Iran
^u Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
^v Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
^w Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
^x University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
^y University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
^z Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
^a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
^b Cancer Research Center, Iran
^c Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
^d Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
^e Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
^f Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
^g Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States, Research Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States
^h Internal Medicine Department, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States, Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA St Louis Health Care System, St Louis, MO, United States
ⁱ School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
^j Department of Nursing, Ethiopia
^k Department of Preventive Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
^l Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
^m Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Saudi Arabia
ⁿ Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom
^o Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
^p Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Iran
^q Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait, International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
^r Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
^s University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
^t Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden
^u Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran
^v Research Program in Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
^w Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
^x Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
^y King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
^z Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia, Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia
^a Sansom Institute, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
^b Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
^c Faculty of Medicine, Egypt, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
^d Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
^e Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
^f Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
^g Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
^h Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
ⁱ Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines, Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
^j Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
^k School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
^l School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
^m Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
ⁿ Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
^o Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
^p Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal
^q Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
^r Institute of Biomedical Science, Ethiopia
^s School of Pharmacy, United States
^t Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
^u School of Pharmacy, United States
^v University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan, Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
^w Department of Social Welfare, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
^x School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
^y Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin, Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin
^z Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
^a Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
^b School of Pharmacy, United States
^c Department of Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
^d Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon, Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
^e Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^f Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
^g Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran
^h Department of Medical Mycology, Iran
ⁱ Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
^j School of Public Health, United States
^k Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland, Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
^l School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
^m Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
ⁿ Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
^o University of Aden, Aden, Yemen
^p Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain, Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique
^q School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
^r Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^s University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
^t Department of Neuroscience, Iran
^u Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran, Social Determinants of Health Research Centers, Iran; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
^v Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia, Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
^w School of Public Health, United States
^x Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^y Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
^z Dr Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College, Mekelle, Ethiopia
^a Department of Public Health, Ethiopia
^b School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
^c Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
^d Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom
^e Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
^f Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY, United States
^g School of Public Health, United States
^h Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
ⁱ Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
^j Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
^k Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^l Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Egypt
^m London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Patan, Nepal
ⁿ George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
^o Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
^p Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ethiopia
^q Social Determinants of Health Research Centers, Iran
^r Department of Renal Medicine, Iran
^s Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
^t National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh
^u University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Liaison of Turkey, Guillain-Barre Syndrome/Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Foundation International, Conshohocken, PA, United States
^v UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Fast-Track Implementation Department, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Gaborone, Botswana
^w A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
^x Department of Public Health, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
^y Department of Pediatrics, United States, Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
^z General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Turkey
^a Department of Oncology, Iran
^b Transport and Road Safety Research, Australia
^c Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom
^d University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
^e Department for Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
^f Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
^g Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
^h Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
ⁱ Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
^j Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^k Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
^l Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^m Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
ⁿ School of Population and Public Health, Canada, Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
^o Center for Health Systems Research, Mexico
^p National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
^q National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico, School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
^r Department of Disease Control, United Kingdom
^s Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
^t Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
^u Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
^v Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
^w Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia, Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
^x Area de Estadística, Dirección Actuarial, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica, School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
^y Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Panama
^z Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
^a Institute of Population Studies, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
^b School of Public Health, United States, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^c Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^d Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan
^e College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
^f Department of Development Studies, India
^g Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
^h Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
ⁱ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^j Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
^k Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
^l Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
^m Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
ⁿ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, India
^o School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^p Adelaide Medical School, Australia
^q Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
^r Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
^s Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain, Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
^t 2nd Department of Dermatology, Egypt
^u School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
^v NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
^w Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
^x Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^y School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
^z Department of Oncology, Iran
^a T Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States, Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
^b Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^c Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^d Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
^e Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^f College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethiopia
^g School of Public Health, United States, Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
^h Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
ⁱ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
^j Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
^k Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Iran
^l James P Grant School of Public Health, Bangladesh
^m Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
ⁿ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
^o Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
^p Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^q Department of General Surgery, Egypt, Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
^r Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
^s Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
^t Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
^u Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ethiopia
^v Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Australia
^w Population Dynamics and Reproductive Health Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
^x Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^y Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ethiopia
^z Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
^a Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Mexico
^b School of Public Health, United States, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
^c National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
^d Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
^e Department of Nursing, Ethiopia
^f Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
^g Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
^h Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
ⁱ Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
^j Fenot Project, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States, T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
^k Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^l Institute for Global Health Innovations, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
^m Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
ⁿ Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
^o University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
^p School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
^q Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
^r United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
^s Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
^t Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia, Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
^u School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
^v Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran
^w School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
^x Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^y Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
^z Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
^a School of Public Health, United States
^b Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
^c Laboratory for Socio-economic Issues of Human Development and Quality of Life, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Department of Medical Statistics and Documentary, Russian Federation
^d Center of Communicable Disease Control, Iran
^e Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^f Department of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
^g Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^h Endocrine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
ⁱ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^j Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
^k Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^l Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
^m College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ⁿ National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal
^o Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
^p Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
^q Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^r Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Iran, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Iran
^s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^t Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, CA, United States
^u Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
^v Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States, Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
^w Fertility and Infertility, Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Tehran, Iran
^x Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
^y Department of Public Health Nutrition, Ethiopia
^z Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
^a REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
^b Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
^c Department of Health Sciences, Australia, Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
^d Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^e Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
^f Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
^g Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
^h Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
ⁱ Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
^j Epidemiology and Public Health, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
^k Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
^l Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^m Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
ⁿ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^o Department of Environmental Health Science, Iran
^p National Centre for Disease Control, Tbilisi, Georgia
^q Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^r Non Communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
^s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^t Faculty of Business and Management, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
^u School of Pharmacy, United States
^v International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
^w School of Public Health, United States
^x Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
^y Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
^z Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
^a Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Australia
^b Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
^c Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain
^d Big Data Institute, United Kingdom
^e Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^f Sleep Disorders Research Center, Iran
^g Health Research Institute, Iran
^h Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
ⁱ Department of Ophthalmology, Iran
^j Health Research Institute, Iran
^k Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Iran
^l Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
^m Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Allergy, Asthma, and Bronchitis Institute, Kolkota, India, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, India
ⁿ Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
^o Adelaide Medical School, Australia
^p Department of Neuroscience, Iran
^q Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
^r International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
^s Department of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
^t Center for Health Systems Research, Mexico
^u Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
^v Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Panama
^w Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States, Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
^x Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
^y Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
^z School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
^a Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy
^b Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Valley, Anguilla, Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Valley, Anguilla
^c Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^d School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^e T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
^f West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States, Department of Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States; Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India, Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
^g Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
^h Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
ⁱ Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
^j School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
^k Anatomy Unit, Iran
^l Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
^m Biomedical Sciences Division, Iran
ⁿ Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Ethiopia, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^o Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
^p School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
^q Population Health Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
^r School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
^s Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, China, Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, China
^t Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
^u Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
^v Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
^w James P Grant School of Public Health, Bangladesh
^x Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Tabriz, Iran
^y Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia, Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
^z Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
^a Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^b Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^c Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
^d Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
^e Air Pollution Research Center, Iran
^f Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
^g School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
^h Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
ⁱ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^j Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
^k Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Iran
^l Department of Reproductive Health, Ethiopia
^m University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
ⁿ Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
^o Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India
^p Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
^q Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^r School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
^s Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
^t Department of General Surgery, Egypt, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
^u Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Egypt
^v Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia
^w Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^x Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
^y Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
^z Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
^a School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
^b Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^c Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
^d Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
^e School of Public Health, United States
^f Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Ethiopia
^g School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
^h Sydney Medical School, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
ⁱ Health Education and Health Promotion Department, Iran
^j Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Ethiopia, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^k Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India
^l Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
^m Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
ⁿ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^o Department of Internal Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
^p Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom
^q Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
^r Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, India
^s Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
^t University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
^u Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
^v Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
^w Institution of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
^x School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
^y Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
^z School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
^a Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
^b Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ethiopia
^c Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^d A C S Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi, India
^e Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
^f Faculty of Public Health, Iran
^g Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
^h Malaria Vaccines, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda
ⁱ School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
^j Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^k Department of Nursing, Ethiopia
^l College of Health Sciences, Iran
^m Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Iran
ⁿ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
^o Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, United States
^p Department of Fertility Studies, India
^q MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
^r School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States, Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
^s Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
^t Faculty of Public Health, Iran
^u Midwifery Program, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
^v ODeL Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
^w Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
^x Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
^y Institute of Cardiology, Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel, Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
^z National Centre for Disease Control, Tbilisi, Georgia
^a Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
^b Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
^c Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^d School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
^e Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^f Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
^g Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States, Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
^h Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
ⁱ Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, Department of Health Research, India
^j Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
^k Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
^l Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^m Department of Psychiatry, Iran
ⁿ Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
^o Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
^p Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran
^q Department of Public Health, Ethiopia
^r College of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^s Research Department, Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya, Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya
^t Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
^u Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
^v Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^w Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
^x School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
^y Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
^z Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
^a Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom
^b Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
^c Department of Public Health, Ethiopia, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
^d Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
^e Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
^f Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
^g University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada
^h Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
ⁱ Jakarta, Indonesia
^j Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
^k Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
^l Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
^m Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
ⁿ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^o Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
^p Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
^q Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
^r Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
^s International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
^t School of Public Health, United States, Center for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
^u Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^v Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
^w School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
^x Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
^y School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
^z Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
^a Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq
^b Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
^c Belo Horizonte City Hall, Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
^d HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States, International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
^e Disease Control Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
^f Robinson Research Institute, Australia
^g Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
^h National Institute of Nutrition, India
ⁱ Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
^j Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^k School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
^l Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Australia
^m Department of Public Health, Ethiopia
ⁿ Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
^o Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
^p School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^q West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
^r Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
^s National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China, National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China
^t Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
^u Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Russian Federation
^v Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
^w Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
^x School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
^y Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Beijing, China
^z Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD), Jena, Germany
^a Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
^b Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^c General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
^d University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
^e Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines, Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
^f Department of Paediatrics, School of Health Sciences, Australia, Neurology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^g School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
^h Preventive Department, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
ⁱ Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
^j Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
^k Community-Based Participatory Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^l Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
^m Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
ⁿ Department of Development Studies, India, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Haridwar, India
^o Institute for Social Science Research, Australia
^p School of Public Health, United States
^q Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
^r Public Risk Management Institute, Mississauga, ON, Canada, Trade and Competitiveness, World Bank, New York, NY, United States
^s Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^t School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
^u Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
^v Department of Medical Laboratory Science, United States
^w Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Australia
^x Division of Patient and Population, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
^y Medical Statistics, United States
^z Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil
^a Medical Clinic v, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
^b Graduate School, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
^c Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
^d Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Economics, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
^e Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
^f Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^g Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
^h George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India, School of Medicines, Australia
ⁱ Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
^j Queensland Brain Institute, Australia, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
^k Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
^l Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
^m Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
ⁿ Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
^o Pharmacology Department, Iran
^p Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
^q Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India
^r Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
^s Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
^t Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
^u College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
^v Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
^w Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
^x Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
^y Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
^z Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States
^a School of Medicine, Ethiopia
^b School of Pharmacy, United States, Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
^c Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
^d Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
^e Department of Paediatrics, School of Health Sciences, Australia, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
^f University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
^g Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia, University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
^h Pharmacy, Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Ethiopia
ⁱ Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of N'Djaména, N'Djaména, Chad
^j Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
^k Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
^l School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
^m Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
ⁿ Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, India
^o Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center, Iran
^p President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania
^q Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
^r Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^s Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
^t Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq, ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq
^u Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Iran
^v Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
^w Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^x Department of Public Health, Ethiopia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
^y Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
^z Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^a School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Papua New Guinea, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Port Moresby General Hospital, Boroko, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
^b Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
^c Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
^d Health Systems Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan
^e Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
^f Department of Urology, Iran
^g Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran
^h Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Iran
ⁱ Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
^j Hospital de Sto António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal
^k Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
^l Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^m Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Iran, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
ⁿ 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
^o Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^p Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
^q Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
^r Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany, Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
^s Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
^t School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
^u Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^v Indian Institute of Public Health - Hyderabad, India
^w Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria, Center for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
^x School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
^y Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan, Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
^z Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ethiopia
^a Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
^b Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
^c Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^d Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
^e Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^f Department of Epidemiology, United States
^g Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^h Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States
ⁱ Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, GISED Study Center, Bergamo, Italy
^j Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
^k Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé i, Yaoundé, Cameroon
^l Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
^m Mercy Saint Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, OH, United States
ⁿ Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
^o Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Iran
^p Anatomy and Embryology Department, Egypt, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Egypt
^q Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
^r Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
^s Department of Psychiatry, Iran, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
^t Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
^u Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
^v Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^w Institute for Global Health Innovations, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
^x Institute for Global Health Innovations, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
^y Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
^z Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Iran
^a Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
^b Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^c Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
^d University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^e Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
^f Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Iran
^g Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
^h Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
ⁱ Directorate General of Planning, Monitoring and Evolution, Rwanda Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
^j Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
^k Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^l Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Accra, Ghana
^m Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Medicine, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
ⁿ Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
^o Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
^p Research, Measurement, and Results, Society for Family Health, Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
^q Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Namibia
^r Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
^s Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
^t Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
^u Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria
^v Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria
^w NCD Prevention and Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
^x School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
^y Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^z Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
^a Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Kisumu Medical and Education Trust, Kisumu, Kenya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
^b Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
^c Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
^d Agricultural Economics Group, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
^e Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
^f Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
^g Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
^h Health Outcomes, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
ⁱ Department of Fertility Studies, India
^j Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
^k Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
^l Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
^m Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Iran
ⁿ Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
^o Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India
^p Department of Population Studies, India, International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India
^q Department of Paediatrics, School of Health Sciences, Australia, Population Health Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^r Clinical Research Department, Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India, Clinical Research Department, DiabetOmics, Portland, OR, United States
^s Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany, Health, Nutrition, and HIV/AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal
^t Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^u National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
^v REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia
^w Department of Renal Medicine, Iran
^x GlenelgSA, Australia
^y School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
^z Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
^a Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^b Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^c Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
^d Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
^e Department of Psychiatry, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
^f University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
^g School of Population and Public Health, Canada
^h Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
ⁱ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^j Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
^k Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
^l Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^m Government Medical College, Nagpur, India
ⁿ Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
^o School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
^p A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Medichem, Barcelona, Spain
^q Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
^r Department of Immunology, Iran, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Iran
^s Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
^t Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^u Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^v Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; S., Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Research Division, Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; A., Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
^w [Affiliation not available]
^x Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, India
^y [Affiliation not available]
^z Department of Pediatrics, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa, Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
^a Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India, Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
^b Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran
^c Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
^d Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, India
^e Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
^f Department of Medicine, Australia
^g WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
^h Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
ⁱ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^j Center for Population Health Research, Mexico
^k Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^l Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
^m Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
ⁿ School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Australia
^o Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
^p Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Iran
^q Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
^r Department of Pediatrics, United States
^s Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
^t Center for Health Systems Research, Mexico
^u School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
^v Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^w Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
^x Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
^y Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
^z Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Iran
^a Biotechnology, IKIAM Amazon Regional University, Ciudad de Tena, Ecuador, Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
^b School of Public Health, United States
^c National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, India
^d School of Psychiatry, Australia, Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
^e Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
^f Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^g Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
^h Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
ⁱ Faculty of Public Health, Iran
^j Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Neuroscience, Iran
^k Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Iran, Ophthalmic Research Center, Ethiopia
^l Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
^m Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
ⁿ Department of Medical Biotechnology, Iran
^o Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^p Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^q A C S Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi, India
^r College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
^s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^t Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
^u Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^v Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Anarkali, Pakistan
^w Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States
^x Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^y Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
^z Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India
^a Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
^b Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
^c Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
^d Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States, Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
^e Nephrology Group, Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
^f Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
^g Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
^h Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
ⁱ Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
^j Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
^k Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia
^l Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, India
^m School of Population and Public Health, Canada, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
ⁿ Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
^o Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Iran
^p Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
^q UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India, Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
^r University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States, Dr D y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
^s Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
^t School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
^u Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
^v Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^w School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
^x Department of Psychology, United States
^y Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Germany
^z Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
^a Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
^b Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
^c Center for Health Systems Research, Mexico
^d Department of Health Policy, Iran
^e Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^f Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
^g Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
^h Karachi, Pakistan
ⁱ Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
^j Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^k Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran
^l Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
^m Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran
ⁿ Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
^o Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
^p Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^q Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Thimphi, Bhutan
^r University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
^s Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
^t Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
^u Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
^v Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
^w National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
^x Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
^y Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^z Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
^a School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
^b Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
^c School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^d Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Sweden, School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
^e Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
^f Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
^g Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland, Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
^h Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
ⁱ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^j School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
^k UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
^l Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil, Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
^m Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
ⁿ Department of Medicine, Australia
^o Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India
^p Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India
^q Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
^r Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
^s Department of Diseases and Non-communicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
^t Department of Pediatrics, United States, Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
^u Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^v Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Iran
^w Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Service of Pulmonology, Health Research Institute of the University Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
^x Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
^y Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
^z Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
^a Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^b Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^c Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
^d School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
^e Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^f Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
^g Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
^h Department of Community Health, Australia, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
ⁱ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
^j James P Grant School of Public Health, Bangladesh
^k Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
^l Neurology Department, India, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
^m Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
ⁿ Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, School of Health Sciences, Australia
^o Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
^p School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
^q Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
^r Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
^s Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
^t Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
^u University Institute Egas Moniz, Monte da Caparica, Portugal, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
^v Department of Adult Health Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia, Selihom School of Nursing, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Dessie, Ethiopia
^w Department of Community Medicine, Iran, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran
^x Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
^y School of Public Health, United States
^z Department of Pediatrics, United States, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
^a Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States, Syrian Expatriate Medical Association, Charlottesville, VA, United States
^b Department of Public Health, Ethiopia
^c Department of Medical Microbiology, Ethiopia
^d Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
^e School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
^f Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, India
^g Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
^h Department of Endocrinology, India
ⁱ Department of Global Health Research, Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
^j Institute of Public Health, Ethiopia
^k School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Institute of Public Health (R Topor-Madry PhD), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
^l Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
^m Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
ⁿ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^o Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
^p Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
^q Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
^r Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
^s Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
^t National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
^u Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
^v Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
^w School of Pharmacy, United States
^x College of Health Sciences, Iran
^y Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
^z Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
^a Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
^b Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
^c Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
^d Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
^e Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
^f Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
^g Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Iran
^h Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
ⁱ Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
^j Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Federation
^k Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
^l UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
^m Department of Statistics, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil, Directorate of Social Studies and Policies, Federal District Planning Company, Brasília, Brazil
ⁿ Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
^o Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
^p Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Iran, Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
^q Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation, Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
^r Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
^s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^t Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^u Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
^v Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
^w Department of Nursing, Ethiopia
^x Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
^y Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^z Department of Psychiatry, Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; -P., National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China, National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China
^a [Affiliation not available]
^b Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
^c Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^d Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Iran
^e Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Germany, Staufenberg, Germany
^f Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up, Germany
^g Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
^h Zdroje Hospital, Poland
ⁱ Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
^j Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Medicine, Australia
^k Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
^l Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
^m School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research Council, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
ⁿ Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
^o Information Services Division, United Kingdom, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
^p School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
^q Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
^r Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
^s Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Ophthalmic Research Center, Ethiopia
^t School of Public Health, United States, Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
^u Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, China
^v Department of Health Statistics, Turkey
^w Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
^x School of Pharmacy, United States
^y Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Hong Kong, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
^z School of Allied Health Sciences, Ethiopia
^a Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
^b Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
^c School of Public Health, United States, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
^d Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
^e Physiology Research Center, Iran
^f Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States, Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
^g Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
^h Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
ⁱ Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
^j Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
^k Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
^l School of Pharmacy, United States, Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
^m Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
ⁿ Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
^o University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
^p Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
^q Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, China
^r National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China
^s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^t Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
^u Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
^v Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^w Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
^x [Affiliation not available]

Abstract

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Author Keywords

[No Keywords available]

Index Keywords

Birth Rate Reproduction Maternal Age population demography population density human trends middle aged statistics and numerical data controlled study priority journal Aged fertility population growth Young Adult Humans Adolescent Infant, Newborn male preschool child prediction Infant Child, Preschool newborn female Global Burden of Disease Article adult migration age global health live birth cohort analysis global disease burden sex mortality Child

Link
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056166986&doi=10.1016%2fS0140-6736%2818%2932278-5&partnerID=40&md5=a16b938c7b29ac018006ca16ba4feb3a

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32278-5

ISSN: 01406736

Cited by: 28

Original Language: English