Objectives: The high incidence of schizophrenia in immigrant ethnic groups in Western Europe may be explained by social stress associated with ethnic minority status. Positive identification with one's own ethnic group is a strong predictor of mental health in immigrants. We investigated whether negative ethnic identity is related to schizophrenia risk in non-Western immigrants. Methods: Matched casecontrol study of first-episode schizophrenia, including 100 non-Western immigrant cases, general hospital controls (n = 100), and siblings (n = 63). Conditional logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations between schizophrenia and ethnic group identity. Results: Cases had a negative ethnic identity more often than general hospitalcontrols(64%and35%, respectively,P<.001).After adjustment for marital status, level of education, unemployment, self-esteem, social support, and cannabis use, negative ethnic identity was associated with schizophrenia: odds ratio = 3.29; 95% confidence interval = 1.36-7.92. Cases significantly more often had an assimilated or a marginalized identity and less often had a separated identity. Comparisons between cases and siblings largely confirmed these findings. Conclusions: Negative identification with the own ethnic group may be a risk factor for schizophrenia in immigrants living in a context of social adversity. © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved.

Psychosis Identity Migrants Acculturation

unemployment educational status immigrant schizophrenia logistic regression analysis Europe minority group Social Identification human risk assessment Schizophrenic Psychology middle aged Odds Ratio Ethnic Groups controlled study Confidence Intervals priority journal cannabis cannabis addiction Siblings Logistic Models social support self esteem marriage Humans ethnic difference Minority Groups male Emigrants and Immigrants female Risk Factors self concept Article major clinical study adult Social Environment Case-Control Studies case control study Social Adjustment