Not Passing Through, a participatory action research (PAR) oral history project, evolved as focus groups became intertwined with a call for transgressing current systems of social programs and services. The failure of the project's capacity for social action as called for by participants is balanced with the project's commitment to participation and empowerment. Centralizing empowerment of multicultural groups becomes a process that moves towards complexity and can be understood by chaos theory and critical definitions of multiculturalism. © 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chaos theory Participatory action research (PAR) multiculturalism focus groups empowerment

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