This article provides a summary of the author's research on human smuggling in Austria comparing migrants from Former Yugoslavia and the Russian Federation. The project's primary intent was to collect more detailed information on migrants seeking asylum in Austria and their use of smuggling services to leave their home countries, including detailed information on demographics, force or threat of force by smugglers, routes and methods of transportation, costs of smuggling, payment methods, and deeper perceptual questions regarding the flight. Another central premise of the article discusses how current distinctions between human smuggling and human trafficking are arbitrary in many regards. © 2011 by the Center for Migration Studies of New York.

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Russia education economics smuggling psychological aspect demography comparative study Yugoslavia Austria ethnology Social Conditions asylum seeker social status Socioeconomic Factors socioeconomics History, 21st Century Yugoslavia (pre-1992) victim Article history Transportation traffic and transport migration legal aspect History, 20th Century Transients and Migrants Russian Federation Crime Victims