Many researchers have redefined citizenship to better understand the membership status aspired and demanded by contemporary migrants. As a result, the concept of 'membership' as opposed to citizenship was proposed in delineating the decoupling between citizenship and nationality; immigrant demands for rights and state policies in response can thereby be interpreted without considering the political meanings of citizenship. However, the decoupling of citizenship and national identity can be challenged when it comes to dual citizenship, especially when the homeland and host states are engaged in political tensions. This article examines the shifting policies of China (the People's Republic of China, or PRC) and Taiwan (the Republic of China, or ROC) towards the citizenship conferred to Taiwanese migrants in China. The findings of this research suggest that political dimension (including political rights and obligations) should be regarded as an integral part of citizenship (i.e. national membership) especially in the rival-state context. The Taiwan-China case can contribute to our understanding of citizenship policy changes under the double pressure of inter-state rivalry and globalization. The globalizing forces help create conditions for 'flexible citizenship' in the 'zones of hyper growth', while in the case of Taiwan-China inter-state competition draws governments and people back to zones of loyalty, the nationally defined memberships. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

Chinese citizenship Diaspora policy globalization dual citizenship transnational migrants

state role China immigration policy nationalism Asian immigrant diaspora citizenship human rights globalization social status