At the start of the twenty-first century, two arms of U.S. immigration policy shape the lives of families and children. The first, enforcement practices, lead to the involuntary separation of parents and children-or the fears of this outcome-when the United States government detains and forcibly removes the parents of U.S. citizen children. The second, the policies which restrict migration to the United States, cause children to experience both long and short term separations when their parents migrate without them. In this paper I use interviews collected between the years of 2003-2006 and 2009-2012 with children and their parents or guardians in both the United States and in Mexico to assess the meanings these two types of separations have for families and the potential impacts for children's well-being. I find that enforcement practices create economic and emotional hardship due to feelings of uncertainty, while restrictive immigration policies lead to resentment among children even post-reunification. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Deportation families Children Gender transnational Mexico Immigration policy

longitudinal study multicenter study clinical trial human epidemiology Longitudinal Studies sex difference policy ethnology Mexico interview United States Humans migrant family psychology Interviews as Topic male Emigrants and Immigrants female Parent-Child Relations child health legislation and jurisprudence Sex Factors law enforcement child parent relation