Background: In Western settings, migration is associated with psychological well-being, but studies inevitably focus on culturally distinct ethnic minorities, making it difficult to distinguish migration from cultural assimilation. Many children in Hong Kong, a developed non-Western setting, have migrant parents with the same Chinese ethnicity. This study examined the association of migration with the child's psychological well-being in Hong Kong. Methods: Multivariable linear regression was used in Hong Kong's 'Children of 1997' Chinese birth cohort to examine the adjusted associations of migration (both parents Hong Kong born n=4285, both parents migrant n=1921, mother-only migrant n=462, father-only migrant n=1110) with a parent-reported Rutter score for child behaviour at ~7 (n=6294, 80% follow-up) and ~11 years (n=5598, 71% follow-up), self-reported ulture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory score at ~11 years n=6937, 88% follow-up) and self-reported Patient ealth Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depressive symptom core at ~13 years (n=5797, 73% follow-up), adjusted for sex, highest parental education and occupation, household income, maternal and paternal age at birth, age of assessment and survey mode (PHQ-9 only). Results: Migration was unrelated to the overall selfesteem or depressive symptoms, but both parents migrant was associated with better behaviour (lower Rutter scores) at ~7 years (ß-coefficient (ß) -1.07, 95% CI -1.48 to -0.66) and ~11 years (-0.89, 95% CI-1.33 to -0.45). Conclusions: In a non-Western context, migration appeared to be protective for childhood behaviour.

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China depression longitudinal study questionnaire survey Maternal Age mental health human Longitudinal Studies protection welfare reform child behavior Young Adult Humans psychology Adolescent male female Socioeconomic Factors socioeconomics adolescence self concept paternal age child health Parent-Child Relations Adolescent Behavior adult migration Protective Factors Hong Kong Linear Models ethnicity statistical model Transients and Migrants assessment method child parent relation Child