Lazo and Rathie apply the distance measure to marriage data in Sao Paulo, Brazil from 1931-1974 to the Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish immigrants to measure the integration trend. The general feeling in Brazil is that the Portuguese are the most integrated immigrants since colonization. However, this study disproves that theory. Among the female groups studied, the Italian and the Spanish were always the most integrated, the Portuguese were the next least integrated group, and the Japanese were the least integrated. From 1930-1950, Japanese men were the least integrated group; they started to have greater integration from 1959-1962, and then returned to the least integrated group during 1971-1974. The Japanese as a whole behaved much as did the Japanese men regarding integration. The Spanish and the Italian as a whole always stayed as the most integrated groups, while the Portuguese in entirety were never very integrated in Sao Paulo city.

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