UNHCR issues these Guidelines on International Protection pursuant to its mandate, as contained in, inter alia, the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, namely paragraph 8(a), in conjunction with Article 35 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Article II of its 1967 Protocol, Article VIII(1) of the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, and Commitment II(e) of the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees. These Guidelines clarify paragraph 164 of the UNHCR Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and otherwise complement the Handbook. They are to be read in conjunction with UNHCR's other Guidelines on International Protection. These Guidelines, having benefited from broad consultations, are intended to provide legal interpretative guidance for governments, legal practitioners, decision-makers and the judiciary, as well as UNHCR staffcarrying out refugee status determination. UNHCR's Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the Guidelines on International Protection are available at: <http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f33c8d92.html>. Calls for public consultation on future Guidelines on International Protection will be posted online at: <http://www.unhcr.org/544f59896.html>. © The Author (2017). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

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