Purpose - Applying a multidisciplinary perspective combining theories about immigration, citizenship and enterprise, this paper seeks to examine the influence of the political-institutional framework in the development of enterprise amongst Turkish immigrants in the European gateway cities, pointing to the relevance of the case study for wider theoretical debate about immigration, globalisation and enterprise. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on information gathered from European research centres on Turkish migration and employment combined with a review of national and European legislation on immigration, citizenship, entrepreneurship and the regulation of the "informal economy". Findings - The findings point to change and continuity in the positioning Turkish entrepreneurs in the EU. Continuity appears in a lack of citizenship and political rights for the majority of Turkish speakers and their inability to influence the political system compared with other people. Change appears in the expansion in the number of enterprises and perhaps more significantly in the growing economic differentiation between enterprises in terms of scale and purpose. One optimistic conclusion is that many of the entrepreneurs have broken out of the economic margins despite the political constraints faced by them. Practical implications - The paper identifies that immigrant-owned enterprises in the EU are creating jobs, typically by employing co-ethnic workers, but also workers from diverse immigrant backgrounds. The potential of Turkish self-employment in the EU is indicated in trends which show that in The Netherlands and Germany this has been the most significant source of net additions to employment growth. Originality/value - The paper provides insight into how the political- institutional framework and legal status influence the labour market positioning and repositioning of an immigrant group. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Turkey immigrants Entrepreneurialism European Union

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