The present investigation examined the impact of bicultural identity, bilingualism, and social context on the psychological adjustment of multicultural individuals. Our studies targeted three distinct types of biculturals: Mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong, Filipino domestic workers (i.e., sojourners) in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese college students. Individual differences in Bicultural Identity Integration (BII.; Benet-Martínez, Leu, Lee, & Morris, 2002) positively predicted psychological adjustment for all the samples except sojourners even after controlling for the personality traits of neuroticism and self-efficacy. Cultural identification and language abilities also predicted adjustment, although these associations varied across the samples in meaningful ways. We concluded that, in the process of managing multiple cultural environments and group loyalties, bilingual competence, and perceiving one's two cultural identities as integrated are important antecedents of beneficial psychological outcomes. © 2008, Copyright the Authors © 2008, Blackwell Publishing, Inc.

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cultural anthropology Cultural Diversity China Interpersonal Relations psychological aspect Social Identification human statistics Adaptation, Psychological ethnology human relation student Humans male Acculturation female adaptive behavior questionnaire cultural factor Psychometrics psychometry Article social adaptation Questionnaires adult migration Hong Kong Emigration and Immigration Cultural Characteristics Students Philippines Social Adjustment Personal Satisfaction satisfaction social behavior