Child trafficking is a global health problem that requires action on the part of health care providers, as many victims will seek medical care at some point during their exploitation. Although services may be sought in a variety of medical settings, the emergency department is a common destination and physicians need to be aware of common indicators and clinical presentations. This article provides an overview of child sex and labor trafficking, describes risk factors for exploitation, and reviews the adverse physical and emotional effects associated with human trafficking. The trauma-informed approach to medical care is discussed with a focus on safety and efforts to minimize retraumatization of the patient. The initial medical evaluation is described, as is the process for reporting to authorities. Common medical referrals are discussed. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.

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