American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 50, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 47-56

Racial Disparities in Child Adversity in the U.S.: Interactions with Family Immigration History and Income (Article)

Slopen N.* , Shonkoff J.P. , Albert M.A. , Yoshikawa H. , Jacobs A. , Stoltz R. , Williams D.R.
  • a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, School of Public Health, 255 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States
  • b Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, United States
  • c University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States
  • d Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  • e Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  • f Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  • g Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

Abstract

Introduction Childhood adversity is an under-addressed dimension of primary prevention of disease in children and adults. Evidence shows racial/ethnic and socioeconomic patterning of childhood adversity in the U.S., yet data on the interaction of race/ethnicity and SES for exposure risk is limited, particularly with consideration of immigration history. This study examined racial/ethnic differences in nine adversities among children (from birth to age 17 years) in the National Survey of Child Health (2011-2012) and determined how differences vary by immigration history and income (N=84,837). Methods We estimated cumulative adversity and individual adversity prevalences among white, black, and Hispanic children of U.S.-born and immigrant parents. We examined whether family income mediated the relationship between race/ethnicity and exposure to adversities, and tested interactions (analyses conducted in 2014-2015). Results Across all groups, black and Hispanic children were exposed to more adversities compared with white children, and income disparities in exposure were larger than racial/ethnic disparities. For children of U.S.-born parents, these patterns of racial/ethnic and income differences were present for most individual adversities. Among children of immigrant parents, there were few racial/ethnic differences for individual adversities and income gradients were inconsistent. Among children of U.S.-born parents, the Hispanic-white disparity in exposure to adversities persisted after adjustment for income, and racial/ethnic disparities in adversity were largest among children from high-income families. Conclusions Simultaneous consideration of multiple social statuses offers promising frameworks for fresh thinking about the distribution of disease and the design of targeted interventions to reduce preventable health disparities. © 2016 American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

Author Keywords

[No Keywords available]

Index Keywords

personal experience household health survey race difference health disparity Health Status Disparities Continental Population Groups human ancestry group immigration Ethnic Groups statistics and numerical data controlled study ethnic group adverse outcome Humans Health Surveys ethnology Cross-Sectional Studies mental disease United States income cross-sectional study migrant ethnic difference Hispanic Adolescent psychology Infant, Newborn male Emigrants and Immigrants female preschool child Infant risk factor Risk Factors Child, Preschool newborn family interaction Child Welfare telephone interview child health prevalence Article major clinical study Child
Link
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84952628066&doi=10.1016%2fj.amepre.2015.06.013&partnerID=40&md5=61eb3dc6f6d5068a00a83ea7968c5620
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.013
ISSN: 07493797
Cited by: 58
Original Language: English