By September 2013, war between Sudan and South Sudan resulted in >70,000 Sudanese refugees and high pneumonia incidence among the 20,000 refugees in Yida camp, South Sudan. Using Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)-provided data and modifying our decision-tree models, we estimated if administering Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-containing (pentavalent vaccine, also with diphtheria pertussis and tetanus [DPT] and hepatitis B) and pneumococcal conjugate (PCV) vaccines were cost-effective against hospitalized pneumonia. Among children <2 years old, compared with no vaccination, one- and two-doses of combined Hib-containing and PCV would avert an estimated 118 and 125 pneumonia cases, and 8.5 and 9.1 deaths, respectively. The cost per Disability-Adjusted-Life-Year averted for administering combined one- and two-doses was US$125 and US$209, respectively. MSF demonstrated that it was possible to administer these vaccines during an emergency and our analysis found it was highly cost-effective, even with just one-dose of either vaccine. Despite unknown etiology, there is strong field and now economic rationale for administering Hib and PCV during at least one humanitarian emergency. © 2016

Cost-effectiveness South Sudan Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib vaccine PCV Routine immunization Supplemental immunization activity Humanitarian emergency

diphtheria pertussis tetanus Haemophilus influenzae type b hepatitis B vaccine Streptococcus pneumonia Haemophilus vaccine Vaccines, Conjugate Haemophilus Vaccines decision tree refugee drug cost Cost benefit analysis economics human Refugees controlled study priority journal drug efficacy Quality of Life Index Case Fatality Rate quality of life Pneumococcal Vaccines Humans Infant, Newborn preschool child Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine Infant newborn hospitalized child immunology Pneumonia, Bacterial Article infection prevention South Sudan Hepatitis B Vaccines emergency care major clinical study disability adjusted life year pertussis hepatitis B vaccine diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine Pneumococcus vaccine hepatitis B immunization bacterial pneumonia cost-benefit analysis diphtheria tetanus Child cost effectiveness analysis vaccine