This study explores how violence is used to manipulate a victim during a kidnapping for ransom. A particular interest was to understand the degree of intensity, its pattern, and its function during the offense. To investigate, 181 kidnapping cases were examined from 32 countries, and 34 variables were identified that characterized violence toward the victim. A multidimensional scaling procedure was used to explore the structure of violence. Cruelty was found to be systematic and varied in the degree of intensity and focus. Kidnappers directed their attacks on the body or the psyche of the victim, and did so in a strategically calculated manner. This suggested that violence toward a victim is not random but a highly systemized form of torture. © 2011 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Hostage Victim Crime violence kidnapping Torture

violence male Torture pain female major clinical study Behavior kidnapping humiliation suffering hostage victim Article human North America psychology