Purpose: Responding to the call for an extension of social marketing scope and application, this paper aims to outline implementation of a multi-stream, multi-method formative research approach to understanding human trafficking in the global South context of Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected using a multi-method, multi-stream research design. The study used alternative methods allowing a critical perspective to be taken. Findings: Contradictions between upstream discourses and the lived experiences of trafficked individuals emerged. Specifically, moral and rational agency ideology, which conflates human trafficking with prostitution, unintentionally promotes human trafficking and underrepresents other forms of trafficking was evident. Experiences of socioeconomic oppression, traditional practices and an aspirational culture fuels positive attitudes towards human trafficking. The lived experience of human trafficking survivors while varied was underpinned by the common theme of job seeking. Participants perceived human traffickers as benevolent users rather than oppressors, and their rescue as oppressive and disempowering. Research limitations/implications: Application of a multi-stream approach is limited by research context, sample size, time and cost constraints. Future research extending the multi-stream research approach to other research contexts and groups is recommended. Practical implications: Multi-stream formative research design assisted to yield wider insights, which informed the design of a multilevel pilot intervention to combat human trafficking in Nigeria. Originality/value: Extending understanding beyond individual, myopic approaches that have dominated social marketing formative research. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Nigeria Human trafficking Formative research Midstream Social marketing Upstream Downstream

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