Karl Landauer (1887-1945) was trained by Sigmund Freud and became the first psychoanalyst ever in Frankfurt am Main. His close connection to Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) led to the founding of the Frankfurt Psychoanalytical Institute in 1929 in affiliation with the Institute for Social Research. After the Institutes were forced to close in March 1933, both went into exile. Their correspondence betweenAmsterdam and New York from 1934 until 1941 provides insight into the contemporary theoretical discussion, the situation of the Dutch Psychoanalytical Society and above all the personal motives leading to Karl Landauer's tragic hesitation to seek exile once more.

Frankfurt psychoanalytical institute Psychoanalysis and the critical theory Institute for social research in frankfurt am main Karl landauer Correspondence Max horkheimer

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